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There will come a time when even the best maintained system will require work to ensure that its inner surfaces are properly smooth. This can

The Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union was an era of unrivaled innovation and discovery. Even before NASA’s introduction of the

Contamination is the bane of almost any manufacturing process, but when the product being made is pharmaceuticals, even a small amount of contamination can have

Stainless steel’s corrosion resistance is a key reason for its use in everything from household goods to aerospace and manufacturing systems where high purity is

The old maxim that “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” certainly applies not only to the biopharmaceutical manufacturing industry but also

As the axiom goes, “the job’s not over until you finish the paperwork” and getting the paperwork completed in the proper fashion to show that

When quality stainless steel is produced, it typically leaves the mill with an equal concentration (1:1) or less of chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) atoms

The process of passivation is a mystery for most people and the outside observer. It would appear that the process of passivation is much like

At the end of the 19th century, as American commerce was increasingly dependent on the rail network tying the country together, there was a prolonged

Surface roughness is an often-overlooked dimensional aspect of the manufacturing process. While more focus is generally given to the composition of a part and its